Internal Citations (Parenthetical Citations)
Internal citations are used to indicate the source of information within the sentence or paragraph in which the information is used. The form of the internal citation is usually the last name of the author (or authors) followed by the publication date (e.g. “Jones,1989”). This is all you need internally because the full citation will be listed in your “Works Cited” Section at the end of the paper.
Ö When you use a direct quote, you should include an internal citation at the end of that sentence
o For example - “Chestnuts grow best in moist environments, but they do exhibit some drought resistance” (Stanford, 1998).
Ö When you paraphrase the information of ideas, include internal citation(s) at the end of the paragraph or sentence which you got the information from.
o For example - Trees such as chestnuts can survive a drought, but that is not their natural niche. (Stanford, 1998).
Works Cited Page
The “Works Cited” is similar to Bibliographies you may have in your English Classes. APA style is a little different from MLA style. It is usually used in sciences, and sometimes the social sciences. APA differs from MLA in a few important ways:
1. Since information in these disciplines can move fast, the dates of publications are important. Therefore, dates are written AFTER the author’s name in the Internal Citations AND in the Works Cited.
2. You do not need the author’s first name, only his/her first initial. If you have MORE than one author, alphabetize by the first authors last name, then write the other author’s names with their first initials then their last names (see specific examples below).
3. Titles of books are generally italicized not underlined, but you can underline then if you are writing it out.
4. Titles of articles in journal / magazines do not need “quotations” around them. However, you must list the page numbers of the articles and the volume / edition / issue of the magazine or journal.
Print
Book (one author)
Ex: Parson, A. (1990). Amazing Spiders. New York: Knopf.
Last Name, First Initial. (Date). Book Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Book (no author)
Ex: World Travel Guide. (2002). London: SF Travel Publications.
Book Title. (Date). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Book (more than two authors)
Ex: Thompsen, A., M. Jenson, and D. Graham. (2005). Building Train Models. Chicago: New Age.
Last Name, First Initial (first Author). First Initial. Last Name(s) (of other authors). (Date). Book Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Book (Edited, with author)
Ex: Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (V. Kukil, Ed.). New York: Anchor.
Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Initial. (Date). Book Title. (Editor’s First Initial. Editor’s Last Name, eds) (Edition number, if any). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Book (Edited, no author)
Ex1: Middleton, J, (eds). (2002). Africa: An Encyclopedia for Students. NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Ex2: Abbot, J,., J. Brunning, and M Doren. (eds). (2001). Trains. Glenview: Scott Foresman.
Editor’s Last Name, First Initial (first editor). First Initial. Last Name(s) (of other editors). (eds). (Date). Book Title. Edition number (if any). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Encyclopedia Article (with author)
Ex: Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. The New Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica
Last Name, First Initial. (Date or Edition). Article Title. Encyclopedia Title. (Vol. #, page #). Place Published: Publisher.
Encyclopedia Article (no author)
Ex: Spiders. (1997). The World Book Encyclopedia. (Vol 35, pp. 65-66). New York
Article Title. (Date or Edition). Encyclopedia Title. (Vol. #, page #). Place Published: Publisher.
Encyclopedia Article on internet WITH print source
Ex: Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity [electronic version]. The New Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica
Last Name, First Initial. (Date or Edition). Article Title. [electronic version]. Encyclopedia Title. (Vol. #, page #). Place Published: Publisher.
Encyclopedia Article on Internet WITHOUT print Source
Example: Bergman, P. G. & Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica Online. (1994-1999). Relativity. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Accessed August 4, 1999, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online on the World Wide Web:<http://search.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=117376&sctn=1>
(2005) Ernest Hemingway. MSN Encarta. Accseed on Dec 27 2005 from <http://encarta.msn.com>.
Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Date). Article title. Online Encyclopedia Title. Accessed on Month Day, Year, from <URL of Article>
Magazine Article on Internet WITH Print Source
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Mapping our Genome [Electronic version]. Scientific American. Accessed May 6, 2003 from <http://www.sciam.com/2001/VandenBos>
Last Name, First Initial. (Date published). Article title [electronic version]. Magazine Title. Accessed Month Day, Year from <URL of Article>
Magazine Article on the Internet WITHOUT Print Source
Ex: Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 Tips on Writing the Living Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites Accessed May 2, 2006, from <http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving>.
Last Name, First Initial. (Date Published) Article Title. Magazine or Journal Title. Accessed Month Day, Year from <URL of Article>.
Article from a Database
Ex: Smyth, A. M., A.L. Parker, and D.L. Pease. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating. 8(3). Accessed February 20, 2003, from PsycARTICLES database.
Last Name, First Initial. (Date Published) Article Title. Magazine or Journal Title. Accessed Month Day, Year from Database.
Web Page
Example: Doverman, I. (2006) Guide Dogs of America: An International Guiding Eyes Program. Accessed Nov 23, 2005 from: <http://www.guidedogsofamerica.org>.
Superman. (21 Aug. 2006). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Accessed Aug. 22 2006 from: <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superman&oldid=70920527>.
Last Name, First Initial (Date Last Updated) Web Page Title . Accessed Month Day, Year from: <URL>
Image - internet
Example: Williams, K. (2001, Feb 23) Green Apples. (Photograph). Kathy’s Apples. Accessed May 29, 2004 from: <http://www.comcast.net/kwhome.htm>.
Author Last Name, First Initial (if provided). (Last Update Date) Name of Image. (Type of Image). Web Page Title. Accessed Month Day, Year from <URL of image>.
Video - internet
Example: Murnau F.W. (Director). (1973, Aug 28) Martin Luther King, Jr.: ‘I Have a Dream’. American Rhetoric. Accessed 2 Mar. 2001 from <http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/Ihaveadream.htm>
Last Name Director, First Initial (if provided). (Director). (Date). Name of the Video. Web Page Title. Accessed Monthy Day, Year from. <URL of video>.
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